Annotation:
Liquefied natural gas used in the fuel and energy industry poses a significant potential hazard in the event of an emergency or spills, even in the absence of ignition or explosion. Low temperatures in the spill area adversely affect process equipment and maintenance personnel. In the case of extended exposure to cold and wind, significant injuries to open parts of the body and internal organs, including fatality, are possible if special thermal protection equipment is not used. There are numerous methods for assessing the impact of low temperatures on the human body, but most do not account for the time factor. The goal of the study is to improve the methodological tools for assessing the probability of injury and fatality when exposed to cryogenic factors associated with liquefied natural gas spills. A methodology to increase the accuracy of assessing fatalities based on the use of cold factors, taking into account thermal energy loss in humans and the time of exposure to subzero temperatures, has been proposed. An example of the calculation of the probability of injuries among personnel due to cryogenic impact from an accidental spill of liquefied natural gas has been provided.
References:
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Dzyuba A.P. Role of Russia in development of the global liquefied natural gas market. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta imeni S.Yu. Vitte. Seriya 1. Ekonomika i upravlenie = Bulletin of Moscow Witte University. Series 1: Economics and Management. 2021. № 1 (36). рр. 52–63. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21777/2587-554X-2021-1-52-63
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Samigullin G.Kh., Evloev Z.B., Bulatov V.O. The methodology of assessing the risk of cryogenic injury to humans in emergency situations during a spill of liquefied natural gas. Tekhnosfernaya bezopasnost = Technosphere safety. 2025. № 2 (47). рр. 122–135. (In Russ.).
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Mansurova A.M. Ensuring Safety in the Production of Liquefied Natural Gas. Bezopasnost Truda v Promyshlennosti = Occupational Safety in Industry. 2019. № 1. рр. 26–30. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2019-1-26-30
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Shebeko A.Yu., Shebeko Yu.N., Gordienko D.M. The application of program complex FDS 5 for the calculated assessment of the parameters of the liquefied natural gas spillages. Pozharnaya bezopasnost = Fire Safety. 2013. № 1. С. 34–38. (In Russ.).
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Shestakova A.A., Galeev A.D., Starovoytova E.V., Ponikarov S.I., Muhamadieva L.N. Modeling of air-vapor cloud dispersion during outflow of liquefied natural gas into atmosphere. Nauchnye trudy KubGTU = Scientific Works of KubSTU. 2019. № 3. pp. 723–733. (In Russ.).
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7. Carboni M., Pio G., Vianello C., Mocellin P., Maschio G., Salzano E. Numerical simulation of LNG dispersion in harbours: a comparison of flammable and visible cloud. Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2022. Vol. 90. pp. 355–360. DOI: 10.3303/CET2290060
8. Baalisampang T., Abbassi R., Garaniya V., Khan F., Dadashzadeh M. Modelling an integrated impact of fire, explosion and combustion products during transitional events caused by an accidental release of LNG. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2019. Vol. 128. pp. 259–272. DOI: 10.1016/J.PSEP.2019.06.005
9. Siple P.A., Passel C.F. Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in sub-freezing temperatures. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 1945. Vol. 89. рр. 177–199.
10. Potchter O., Cohen P., Lin T.-P., Matzarakis A. Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: A comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification. Science of The Total Environment. 2018. Vol. 631–632. pp. 390–406. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.276
11. Fang Z., Lin Z., Mak C.M., Niu J., Tse K.T. Investigation into sensitivities of factors in outdoor thermal comfort indices. Building and Environment. 2018. Vol. 128. pp. 129–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.028
12. Amindeldar S., Heidari S., Khalili M. The effect of personal and microclimatic variables on outdoor thermal comfort: afield study in Tehran in cold season. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2017. Vol. 32. pp. 153–159. DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.024
13. Wind chill: the chilling facts. Available at: https://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=5FBF816A-1#table1 (accessed: October 7, 2025).
14. Woodward J.L., Pitblado R.M. LNG Risk Based Safety: Modeling and Consequence Analysis. Wiley, 2010. 374 p.
15. Risk assessment data directory — guide to finding and using reliability data for QRA. Available at: https://www.iogp.org/bookstore/product/risk-assessment-data-directory-guide-to-finding-and-using-reliability-data-for-qra/ (accessed: October 7, 2025).
16. Определение порогов температурно-зависимой смертности на основе универсального индекса теплового комфорта — UTCI / Н.В. Шартова, Д.А. Шапошников, П.И. Константинов, Б.А. Ревич // Анализ риска здоровью. 2019. № 3. С. 83–93. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2019.3.10
Shartova N.V., Shaposhnikov D.A., Konstantinov P.I., Revich B.A. Determination of temperature-dependent mortality thresholds based on the universal thermal comfort index — UTCI. Analiz riska zdorovyu = Health Risk Analysis. 2019. № 3. pp. 83–93. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2019.3.10
Dzyuba A.P. Role of Russia in development of the global liquefied natural gas market. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta imeni S.Yu. Vitte. Seriya 1. Ekonomika i upravlenie = Bulletin of Moscow Witte University. Series 1: Economics and Management. 2021. № 1 (36). рр. 52–63. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21777/2587-554X-2021-1-52-63
2. Самигуллин Г.Х., Евлоев З.Б., Булатов В.О. Методика оценки риска криогенного поражения человека в условиях чрезвычайной ситуации при разливе сжиженного природного газа // Техносферная безопасность. 2025. № 2 (47). С. 122–135.
Samigullin G.Kh., Evloev Z.B., Bulatov V.O. The methodology of assessing the risk of cryogenic injury to humans in emergency situations during a spill of liquefied natural gas. Tekhnosfernaya bezopasnost = Technosphere safety. 2025. № 2 (47). рр. 122–135. (In Russ.).
3. Мансурова А.М. Обеспечение безопасности при производстве сжиженного природного газа // Безопасность труда в промышленности. 2019. № 1. С. 26–30. DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2019-1-26-30
Mansurova A.M. Ensuring Safety in the Production of Liquefied Natural Gas. Bezopasnost Truda v Promyshlennosti = Occupational Safety in Industry. 2019. № 1. рр. 26–30. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2019-1-26-30
4. Шебеко А.Ю., Шебеко Ю.Н., Гордиенко Д.М. Применение программного комплекса FDS 5 для расчетной оценки параметров рассеяния проливов сжиженного природного газа // Пожарная безопасность. 2013. № 1. С. 34–38.
Shebeko A.Yu., Shebeko Yu.N., Gordienko D.M. The application of program complex FDS 5 for the calculated assessment of the parameters of the liquefied natural gas spillages. Pozharnaya bezopasnost = Fire Safety. 2013. № 1. С. 34–38. (In Russ.).
5. Моделирование рассеивания паровоздушного облака при истечении сжиженного природного газа (СПГ) в атмосферу / А.А. Шестакова, А.Д. Галеев, Е.В. Старовойтова и др. // Научные труды КубГТУ. 2019. № 3. С. 723–733.
Shestakova A.A., Galeev A.D., Starovoytova E.V., Ponikarov S.I., Muhamadieva L.N. Modeling of air-vapor cloud dispersion during outflow of liquefied natural gas into atmosphere. Nauchnye trudy KubGTU = Scientific Works of KubSTU. 2019. № 3. pp. 723–733. (In Russ.).
6. Cassano K., Pierro A., Perini R., Farinelli P. LNG Release in Storage Area: Multiphase Modelling and CFD Simulation for Consequences Analysis in Risk Assessment. Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2022. Vol. 91. pp. 175–180. DOI: 10.3303/CET2291030
7. Carboni M., Pio G., Vianello C., Mocellin P., Maschio G., Salzano E. Numerical simulation of LNG dispersion in harbours: a comparison of flammable and visible cloud. Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2022. Vol. 90. pp. 355–360. DOI: 10.3303/CET2290060
8. Baalisampang T., Abbassi R., Garaniya V., Khan F., Dadashzadeh M. Modelling an integrated impact of fire, explosion and combustion products during transitional events caused by an accidental release of LNG. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2019. Vol. 128. pp. 259–272. DOI: 10.1016/J.PSEP.2019.06.005
9. Siple P.A., Passel C.F. Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in sub-freezing temperatures. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 1945. Vol. 89. рр. 177–199.
10. Potchter O., Cohen P., Lin T.-P., Matzarakis A. Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: A comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification. Science of The Total Environment. 2018. Vol. 631–632. pp. 390–406. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.276
11. Fang Z., Lin Z., Mak C.M., Niu J., Tse K.T. Investigation into sensitivities of factors in outdoor thermal comfort indices. Building and Environment. 2018. Vol. 128. pp. 129–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.028
12. Amindeldar S., Heidari S., Khalili M. The effect of personal and microclimatic variables on outdoor thermal comfort: afield study in Tehran in cold season. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2017. Vol. 32. pp. 153–159. DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.024
13. Wind chill: the chilling facts. Available at: https://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=5FBF816A-1#table1 (accessed: October 7, 2025).
14. Woodward J.L., Pitblado R.M. LNG Risk Based Safety: Modeling and Consequence Analysis. Wiley, 2010. 374 p.
15. Risk assessment data directory — guide to finding and using reliability data for QRA. Available at: https://www.iogp.org/bookstore/product/risk-assessment-data-directory-guide-to-finding-and-using-reliability-data-for-qra/ (accessed: October 7, 2025).
16. Определение порогов температурно-зависимой смертности на основе универсального индекса теплового комфорта — UTCI / Н.В. Шартова, Д.А. Шапошников, П.И. Константинов, Б.А. Ревич // Анализ риска здоровью. 2019. № 3. С. 83–93. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2019.3.10
Shartova N.V., Shaposhnikov D.A., Konstantinov P.I., Revich B.A. Determination of temperature-dependent mortality thresholds based on the universal thermal comfort index — UTCI. Analiz riska zdorovyu = Health Risk Analysis. 2019. № 3. pp. 83–93. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2019.3.10