Annotation:
A theoretical analysis is given related to the ways to reduce the negative impact of motor vehicle exhaust gases on the environment. The possibility of using hydrogen as an energy source for an electric power plant used in the road transport is considered. The operation of a high-power fuel cell battery is advisable on both passenger cars and trucks. However, such technologically complex systems require additional tests at the development stage for verifying the fire safety and tightness of the structure. The systems of storage, transportation, preparation of hydrogen and safety assurance during the performance of such bench tests are analyzed. Fuel cell stack test benches must be provided with additional protection against occurrence of fires and explosions. It is based on a gas-analytical fiber-optic resonant (vibration frequency) sensor that monitors the accumulation of explosive gases. The key parameters of this system are the inertness and speed of the individual elements.
A block diagram of a test bench for a fuel cell stack with a power of 150 kW is presented, the hydrogen pressure is reduced to 2–2.5 atm. During the operation of the installation, it is required to ensure continuous monitoring of the pressure in the system and in its individual parts, as well as to monitor the temperature regime of the gas supply in the fuel cell itself. The description of the principle of the test stand functioning is given. Its technological modules are identified, such as a hydrogen supply system, a cooling system, an air injection system, a power plant, and a block for simulating a potential load on an electric motor of the vehicle.
References:
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19. Liu X., Reddy K., Elgowainy A., Lohse-Busch H., Wang M., Rustagi N. Comparison of well-to-wheels energy use and emissions of a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle relative to a conventional gasoline-powered internal combustion engine vehicle. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2020. Vol. 45. Iss. 1. зз. 972–983. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.192
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21. Suarez S.H., Chabane D., N'Diaye A., Ait-Amirat Y., Elkedim O., Djerdir A. Evaluation of the Performance Degradation of a Metal Hydride Tank in a Real Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle. Energies. 2022. Vol. 15. Iss. 10. DOI: 10.3390/en15103484
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23. Jung S.-W., Lee E.K., Kim J.H., Lee S.-Y. High-concentration Nafion-based hydrogen sensor for fuel-cell electric vehicles. Solid State Ionics. 2020. Vol. 344. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2019.115134
24. Han J., Feng J., Chen P., Liu Y., Peng X. A review of key components of hydrogen recirculation subsystem for fuel cell vehicles. Energy Conversion and Management: X. 2022. Vol. 15. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100265
25. Chabak A.F. Hydrogen storage tank and method for accumulating hydrogen. Patent RU 2283453 С2. Applied: October 27, 2004. Published: September 10, 2006. Bulletin № 1. (In Russ.).
26. Decarbonization overview — Russia is taking steps to achieve carbon neutrality. Available at: https://ru.readkong.com/page/kratkiy-obzor-po-dekarbonizacii-rossiya-predprinimaet-shagi-9123975 (accessed: January 10, 2023). (In Russ.).
27. Sentemov D.V., Bozhko I.S., Troyan A.N., Yanvarev I.A. Technology of metal hydrides application for hydrogen storage and transportation. Tekhnika i tekhnologiya neftekhimicheskogo i neftegazovogo proizvodstva: materialy 12-y Mezhdunar. nauch.-tekhn. konf. (Technique and technology of petrochemical and oil and gas production: materials of the 12th International Scientific and Technical Conference). Omsk: Izd-vo OmGTU, 2022. pp. 47–48. (In Russ.).
28. Giorgio P. Di, Ilio G. Di, Jannelli E., Conte F.V. Innovative battery thermal management system based on hydrogen storage in metal hydrides for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. Applied Energy. 2022. Vol. 315. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118935
29. Sun K., Li Z. Development of emergency response strategies for typical accidents of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021. Vol. 46. Iss. 75. pp. 37679–37696. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.130
30. Whiston M.M., Lima Azevedo I.M., Litster S., Samaras C., Whitefoot K.S., Whitacre J.F. Hydrogen Storage for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: Expert Elicitation and a Levelized Cost of Driving Model. Environmental science & technology. 2021. Vol. 55. № 1. pp. 553–562. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04145
2. Jung J., Lee D.-J., Yoshida K. Comparison between Korean and Japanese consumers’ preferences for fuel cell electric vehicles. Transportation Research. Part D: Transport and Environment. 2022. Vol. 113. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103511
3. Venkatasatish R., Dhanamjayulu C. Reinforcement learning based energy management systems and hydrogen refuelling stations for fuel cell electric vehicles: An overview. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022. Vol. 47 Iss. 64. pp. 27646–27670. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.06.088
4. Osman A.I., Mehta N., Elgarahy A.M., Hefny M., Al-Hinai A., Al-Muhtaseb A.H., Rooney D.W. Hydrogen production, storage, utilization and environmental impacts: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2021. Vol. 20. Iss. 1. pp. 153–188. DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01322-8
5. Ahmadi P., Khoshnevisan A. Dynamic simulation and lifecycle assessment of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles considering various hydrogen production methods. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022. Vol. 47. Iss. 62. pp. 26758–26769. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.06.215
6. Folęga P., Burchart D., Marzec P., Jursová S., Pustějovská P. Potential environmental life cycle impacts of fuel cell electric vehicles powered by hydrogen produced from polish coke oven gas. Transport Problems. 2022. Vol. 17. Iss. 1. pp. 151–161. DOI: 10.20858/tp.2022.17.1.13
7. Li Y., Taghizadeh-Hesary F. The economic feasibility of green hydrogen and fuel cell electric vehicles for road transport in China. Energy Policy. 2022. Vol. 160. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112703
8. Özdoğan E., Hüner B., Süzen Y.O., Eşiyok T., Uzgören İ.N., Kıstı M., Uysal S., Selçuklu S.B., Demir N., Kaya M.F. Effects of tank heating on hydrogen release from metal hydride system in VoltaFCEV Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022. Vol. 48. Iss. 18. pp. 6811–6823. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.080
9. Katalenich S.M., Jacobson M.Z. Toward battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell military vehicles for land, air, and sea. Energy. 2022. Vol. 254. Pt. B. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124355
10. Oldenbroek V., Wijtzes S., Blok K., van Wijk A.J.M. Fuel cell electric vehicles and hydrogen balancing 100 percent renewable and integrated national transportation and energy systems. Energy Conversion and Management: X. 2021. Vol. 9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2021.100077
11. Budarin S.N., Kicha M.A., Malovik D.S., Mikhaylenko V.S. Systems for storage and use of hydrogen on marine transport. Vestnik MANEB = Bulletin of IAELPS. 2022. Vol. 27. № 1. pp. 32–35. (In Russ.).
12. Aakko-Saksa P.T., Vehkamäki M., Kemell M., Keskiväli L., Simell P., Reinikainen M., Tapper U., Repo T. Hydrogen release from liquid organic hydrogen carriers catalysed by platinum on rutile-anatase structured titania. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/73f8/069c651c4f2e168d8c06f2523793eef875e7.pdf (accessed: January 10, 2023).
13. Mastepanov A.M. Hydrogen power engineering in Russia: state and prospects. Energeticheskaya politika = Energy Policy. 2020. № 12 (154). pp. 54–65. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.46920/2409-5516_2020_12154_54
14. Li Y., Kimura S. Economic competitiveness and environmental implications of hydrogen energy and fuel cell electric vehicles in ASEAN countries: The current and future scenarios. Energy Policy. 2021. Vol. 148. Pt. B. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111980
15. Sun K., Li Z. Development of emergency response strategies for typical accidents of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021. Vol. 46. Iss. 75. pp. 37679–37696. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.130
16. Valente A., Iribarren D., Candelaresi D., Spazzafumo G., Dufour J. Using harmonized life-cycle indicators to explore the role of hydrogen in the environmental performance of fuel cell electric vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2020. Vol. 45. Iss. 47. pp. 25758–25765. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.059
17. Li W., Long R., Chen H., Chen F., Zheng X., He Z., Zhang L. Willingness to pay for hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles in China: A choice experiment analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2020. Vol. 45. Iss. 59. pp. 34346–34353. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.046
18. Galeev A.G., Egorov F.A., Polyakhov A.D., Potapov V.T., Sizyakov N.P., Sokolovskiy A.A. Systems for assuring safety of static firing tests of oxygen/hydrogen propulsion units. Kosmicheskaya tekhnika i tekhnologii = Space Engineering and Technology. 2020. № 1 (28). pp. 71–84. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.33950/spacetech-2308-7625-2020-1-71-84
19. Liu X., Reddy K., Elgowainy A., Lohse-Busch H., Wang M., Rustagi N. Comparison of well-to-wheels energy use and emissions of a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle relative to a conventional gasoline-powered internal combustion engine vehicle. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2020. Vol. 45. Iss. 1. зз. 972–983. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.192
20. Venkatasatish R., Dhanamjayulu C. Reinforcement learning based energy management systems and hydrogen refueling stations for fuel cell electric vehicles: An overview. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2022. Vol. 47. Iss. 64. pp. 27646–27670. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.06.088
21. Suarez S.H., Chabane D., N'Diaye A., Ait-Amirat Y., Elkedim O., Djerdir A. Evaluation of the Performance Degradation of a Metal Hydride Tank in a Real Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle. Energies. 2022. Vol. 15. Iss. 10. DOI: 10.3390/en15103484
22. Ali H., Khan E., Ilahi I. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry. 2019. Vol. 2019. DOI: 10.1155/2019/6730305
23. Jung S.-W., Lee E.K., Kim J.H., Lee S.-Y. High-concentration Nafion-based hydrogen sensor for fuel-cell electric vehicles. Solid State Ionics. 2020. Vol. 344. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2019.115134
24. Han J., Feng J., Chen P., Liu Y., Peng X. A review of key components of hydrogen recirculation subsystem for fuel cell vehicles. Energy Conversion and Management: X. 2022. Vol. 15. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100265
25. Chabak A.F. Hydrogen storage tank and method for accumulating hydrogen. Patent RU 2283453 С2. Applied: October 27, 2004. Published: September 10, 2006. Bulletin № 1. (In Russ.).
26. Decarbonization overview — Russia is taking steps to achieve carbon neutrality. Available at: https://ru.readkong.com/page/kratkiy-obzor-po-dekarbonizacii-rossiya-predprinimaet-shagi-9123975 (accessed: January 10, 2023). (In Russ.).
27. Sentemov D.V., Bozhko I.S., Troyan A.N., Yanvarev I.A. Technology of metal hydrides application for hydrogen storage and transportation. Tekhnika i tekhnologiya neftekhimicheskogo i neftegazovogo proizvodstva: materialy 12-y Mezhdunar. nauch.-tekhn. konf. (Technique and technology of petrochemical and oil and gas production: materials of the 12th International Scientific and Technical Conference). Omsk: Izd-vo OmGTU, 2022. pp. 47–48. (In Russ.).
28. Giorgio P. Di, Ilio G. Di, Jannelli E., Conte F.V. Innovative battery thermal management system based on hydrogen storage in metal hydrides for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. Applied Energy. 2022. Vol. 315. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118935
29. Sun K., Li Z. Development of emergency response strategies for typical accidents of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021. Vol. 46. Iss. 75. pp. 37679–37696. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.130
30. Whiston M.M., Lima Azevedo I.M., Litster S., Samaras C., Whitefoot K.S., Whitacre J.F. Hydrogen Storage for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: Expert Elicitation and a Levelized Cost of Driving Model. Environmental science & technology. 2021. Vol. 55. № 1. pp. 553–562. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04145